Emp ire's Twil ight
Northeast Asia Under the Mongols
Harvard-Yenching Institute Monograph Series 68
Empire's Twilight
Northeast Asia Under the Mongols
David M. Robinson
Published by the Harvard University Asia Center for the Harvard-Yenching Institute Distributed by Harvard University Press Cambridge (Massachusetts) and London 2009
 2009 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College Printed in the United States of America The Harvard-Yenching Institute, founded in 1928 and headquartered at Harvard University, is a foundation dedicated to the advancement of higher education in the humanities and social sciences in East and Southeast Asia. The Institute supports advanced research at Harvard by faculty members of certain Asian universities and doctoral studies at Harvard and other universities by junior faculty at the same universities. It also supports East Asian studies at Harvard through contributions to the Harvard-Yenching Library and publication of the Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies and books on premodern East Asian history and literature. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Robinson, David M., 1965– Empire's twilight : northeast Asia under the Mongols / David M. Robinson. p. cm. -- (Harvard-Yenching Institute monograph series ; 68) Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-0-674-03608-6 (cl : alk. paper) 1. Mongols--East Asia--History--14th century. 2. East Asia--History--14th century. I. Title. ds23.r63 2009 950 '.24--dc22 2009022545 Index by the author Printed on acid-free paper Last number below indicates year of this printing 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09
In memoriam Joan M. Robinson (1937–2005)
Acknowledgments
This book would have been impossible without the generous help of colleagues and friends in the United States and East Asia. Yi Hi-sng of the Andong Folk Museum kindly provided me with materials relating to the local religious shrines in Andong devoted to King Kongmin and his queen. Professor Kim Ho-dong proved a gracious host during my brief stay at Seoul University, providing stimulating conversation and introductions to his energetic graduate students. One of these, Mr. Sl Paek-wan, was particularly helpful in tracking down difficult-to-find articles. Professor Min Hyn-gu of Kory University patiently answered my questions about the reign of Kongmin, and Chang Tong-ik of Pukkyng University provided valuable bibliographic suggestions for the late Kory period. Professor Hong Sng-gu, now also of Pukkyng University, arranged access to the rare book collection at Kory University. I especially thank Professors Cho Yong-hn of Hong'ik University and Cha Hye-wn of Ynse University for introducing me to scholars in Korea. Over the years, Professor A Feng of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS) has been invaluable in navigating the library collections of Beijing. I also thank Professor Chen Gaohua for his kind support of my work for the past decade and Professor Liu Xiao (also of CASS) for his valuable assistance in Yuan sources. Professor Morihira Masahiko provided an expert synopsis of Mongolian and Kory sources in Seoul for me, a nearly total stranger. Yagi Takeshi, Nakasuna Akinori, and Yang Longzhang saved me from a number of

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