农村经济组织形态的演变与创新
——山东省莱阳市农业产业化调查报告 (
周立群 曹利群
Abstract
Agricultural industrialization is a process of evolution and innovation of rural economic organization. The author analyses this historical process based on the investigation of Laiyang County, Shandong Province. At the early stage of agricultural industrialization, rural economic organization mainly took the form of cooperatives and the form of "leading firms + farmers". However, both of these forms have defects. The cooperatives, being too small, possess too few assets for mortgage. The "leading firms + farmers", on the other hand, are not effectively bound by their contracts, if any. So, intermediary organizations are needed to remove these defects. New organizations, such as "firms +cooperatives +farms" or "firms + big farmers + small farmers" are innovated as a result. This innovation improves the efficiency of rural economic organization, but the new forms, too, have their problems caused by the incomplete contracts and inadequate assets of intermediary organizations. To solve these problems, we need to have a fresh look into the improvement and innovation of rural economic organization.
Keyword: Agricultural industrialization, rural economic organization, contract, organization innovation,
摘要农业产业化的进程也是一个农村经济组织演变和创新的过程.作者对山东省莱阳市调研的基础上描述和分析了这一历史过程.在农业产业化之初,农村的主要经济组织形式是合作社和"龙头企业+农户".但是,这两种组织形式都存在着一些缺陷.前者主要是受制于资金不足和缺乏抵押性资产;后者主要是契约不能对当事人构成有效约束.为了克服这些缺陷,有必要引入组织中介,形成新的组织形式——"龙头企业+合作社+农户"或"龙头企业+大户+农户".这种组织变革在一定程度上弥补了原有制度缺陷,从而在实践中日益发展成为农业产业化的主要组织形态.但是,由于契约是不完全的、合作社和大户抵押性资产不足,这两种组织形式也面临着一些新问题,本文探索了组织改善和组织创新的路径.
关键词:农业产业化 农村经济组织 契约 组织变革
引言1978年以来农村启动了两项重要的改革,一是实施家庭联产承包责任制,二是推进农副产品市场化的改革.前者重新奠定了农户家庭作为农业生产基本组织单元的地位,从而极大地调动了微观经济主体的积极性,促进了农业生产的发展.后者在经历了一个农副产品价格的逐步放开过程后,到90年代初90%以上的农副产品实现了市场交换.
然而,两项改革的深化凸显出了一些新的矛盾.农户家庭作为农业生产经营的基本组织单元并不能撑起日益放大的农副产品市场化的发展,传统的流通组织和服务组织(供销社、信用社、农技站等)也远不能适应农村经济由封闭到开放的的需要.所谓"小农户、大市场"的矛盾开始出现并日益尖锐起来.单个农户与市场之间缺乏有效的连接机制,农村经济发展呼唤市场组织形态的创新.
农业产业化作为一项制度性创新,即是在这一背景下诞生的.在市场经济条件下,随着农业行业内部分工的不断深入,分立后的各个环节需要以一定的组织形式进行连接和协调.从这一意义上讲,农业产业化进程就是农村经济组织的创新过程,创新的目的即在于引进适当的中介组织和连结机制,以消除"小农户、大市场"的矛盾.

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